The number of children and young adults (ages 5-16) identified as neurodiverse continues to rise at an unprecedented rate. The Department for Education (DfE) reports that in 2023, 1.5 million pupils had special educational needs (SEN), representing 16.5% of all pupils. This marks the sixth consecutive year of increases, reversing the previous decline since 2010, when the figure stood at 21.1%. The proportion of pupils with an Education, Health, and Care (EHC) plan also increased to 4.0% in 2023, continuing the trend from 2017. The number of pupils with an EHC plan has grown by 9% between 2022 and 2023, and by 50% since 2016.
Referrals to Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) have reached record levels, reflecting an ongoing crisis in youth mental health services. In December 2023, 452,725 children and young people were in contact with mental health services, with 380,993 new referrals received that month alone. Across the whole of 2023, NHS mental health services received 5 million referrals, marking a 33% increase since 2019. Reports indicate that long wait times and limited specialist services have left many young people without adequate support.
The prevalence of undiagnosed ADHD in the criminal justice system remains a critical issue. The 2021 report - 'ADHD in the Criminal Justice System: A Case for Change' - estimated that at least 25% (potentially over 50%) of UK prisoners and juvenile detainees have undiagnosed ADHD. Additionally, government data reveals that 25,000 prisoners currently enrolled in education programs have learning difficulties or disabilities, further emphasizing the urgent need for improved early intervention and support.
In response to increasing concerns, NHS England launched a national taskforce, in early 2024, to overhaul ADHD services. This initiative followed reports that ADHD was the second most searched-for health condition on the NHS website, in 2023. On a global scale, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 1 in 20 children worldwide are affected by ADHD.
Despite growing awareness and government initiatives, significant gaps remain in education, funding, and support for neurodiverse students. Investigations have revealed that over £100 million was spent in England attempting to block children's Special Educational Needs and Disabilities (SEND) support, rather than investing in additional services. The rising number of neurodiverse students highlights the urgent need for better resources, early identification, and tailored interventions to ensure every child receives the support they need.